CALAI THANSOHDAN

CALAI THANSOHDAN

Rev. Dr. Mang Herh, Yangon

                                                                                                

Calai thansohdan hi ngainuam tak a si, Calai thangso dingin remthat a tul. Mirang ca hman remthat tul in a rak um ih, san khat hnu san khat an remtha. Mirang ca thansohdan hi san thum ah an then.

 1(a) Old English San: Mirangpawl Britain Ram an luh kum AD 500-1000 c. English ti mi hi Angle, Saxon le Jute miphun pathum a huaptel. Angle-pawl cu Northumbrian le Mercian tiin an thenawsawng. Northumbrian-pawl in England Saklam ihsin Thlanglam Humber tiang an luah. Mercian-pawl cu England Laifang, Humber le Thames tiva karlakah umhmun an khuar. Saxon-pawl cu Thlanglam ah, Wight Tikulh le Hampshire siarlo, ah an um. Jute-pawl cu Kent ah an um ih, Kentish tiah an ko. Cutin Mirang tawng pakhat sisi, malte danawknak um in Northumbrian, Mercian, Saxon le Kentish tiin tawng phun li an hmang.

  (b) Middle English San: 1100-1475 c. O.E san laiih Mirang tawng phun li kha M.E san khalah an hmang vivo. Tawng a dandan vekin cafang kawmdan le siarsuahdan khal a bangaw lo. Wyld cun,

Cangantu tin deuhthaw ih cafang kawmdan hi peng khat sung ciocio hmanah

a tam maw a mal, an dangaw theh,” a ti. Almost every author, even in

 the same province, differs more or less from almost every other.

  (c) Modern English San: 1475 ihsin tui san tiang. M.E san tiangin tawng phun li an hmang ih, cafang kawmdan le siardan bangaw loin kum reipi sung an um.  Cui harsatnak ruangah Modern English san sungah Mirang tawng thuanthu ih mangbangza thil pahnih a rung thleng,

 Pakhatnak, hmai lam can tiangih bangreptei hmantlang ding cafang kawmdan le, Pahnihnak ah, ram pumpi hmantlang ding tawng awsuahdan ngansuah in a um.

First, the form in which all English literature in future is written, and,

secondly, the main spoken form throughout the country.

 Cui mangbangza thilthleng cu Standard English Zohthimtlak Mirang Ca lole, Recognized English Pawmtlan mi Mirang Ca a hung suak hi a si. Standard English a suahdan Wyld in hitin a rel,

 Tawngkausehdan phun hnih - London: Dan, Cozah le Pursumleilawnnak hmunpi le

Oxford: Zirnak le nunphung hmunpi, himi tawng phun hnih ihsin kan zatei kan ngan

 cio mi le, ziangtilam khalih tawng kan tum cio mi, Standard English hi a rung suak.

From these two great types of speech - that of London, the centre of Law, Government,

and Commerce, and that of Oxford, the centre of learning and culture –  the Standard

English which we all write, and which we all try, at any rate, to speak, has grown up.

 Cafang kawmdan spelling bangaw, awsuahdan pronunciation hmunkhat an hun neihnak cun Zirnak lam Thangphawknak Revival of Learning a run hring. Oxford le Cambridge Phunsang Tlawng ah Greek an hun zirh thawk. Greek le Latin tawng an thiamnak ihsin mithiampawl in,

Mirang tawng fuahfo ih a daihlonak ah cumi (Greek le Latin)

tawng pawl cu, theih man loah a si hmang, an vun sang duak theu.

Scholars borrowed, perhaps sometimes unconsciously, from them

(Greek and Latin) when plain English would have sufficed quite well.

Mirang Cafang Kawmdan An Remtha: An tawng an hun cawisang ih, ngainatnak cang an thiam men si loin an cafang kawmdan khal an remtha vivo. O.E san laiah zinghnam (mouse, mice) cu Mus, mys; nupi (wife) cu  wif; nauhak (child) cu cild. Mirang leital ah /ch/ aw a um nan child cu O.E ah cild tin an ngan. Lehhnuah h an telh ih, child tin an ngan.

O.E san ih 'i' /i/ cu diphthong /ai/ aw an suah ih, /child/ cu /chaild/, /wif/ cu /waif/. O.E ah hmin cu /na-ma/, M.E ah /na-me/ a si ih, Modern English ah name /neim/ a rung cang.

 Cutin an tawng thansohternak ah hnam dang tawng 50 lenglo ihsin an la ih, tui san ah leitlun mi pum 2/3 in an hmang. Leitlun ih cakuat hmuahhmuah ¾ cu Mirang tawng ih ngan a si ih, radio thuthannak station 3/5 cu Mirang tawng ih than a si. Rusia le Tuluk cozah pi hmanin an policy thehdarhnak ah Mirang tawng an hman cu teh.  

2. Hebru Ca An Remtha. A hramthawkah Hebru ca ah consonant lawng an rak nei ih, kum reipi vowel loin an rak ngan (YHWH). Kum zabi ruknak thawh pekah mithiam rual Masoretes-pawl in vowel le punctuation mark-pawl an run tuah.

3. Greek Ca An Remtha. A tirah Baibal ngannak ah cafang tum hlir hmang in pehzawm in an rak ngan ih, cuvek kutngan Baibalpawl cu Uncial an ti. Ca dang hmuahhmuah cu cafang te hmang in pehzawm thotho in an rak ngan. Kum zabi kuanak ah mi thiam rual Constantinople ah tawngkhawmaw in Baibal khal cafang te ih ngan dingin lai an rel ih, cafang te hmang ih ngan mi Baibal cu minuscule an ti. Cafang tum in siseh, cafang te in siseh pehzawm in can reipi sung an rak ngan. Tlaikhaw hnupiah peh ding le peh lo ding an thenfel ih, tui Greek Baibal hi a rung suak.

4. Tuluk Ca khal An Remtha. A hramthawk ah Tuluk ca cu tlun lam ihsin thuai lamah nganthla in, vawrh lam ihsin keh lamah an ngan. Tui san ah cun Mirang ca bangin keh lam ihsin vawrh lamah an ngan ve.

6. Kawl Ca khal an Remtha: Tu hlanah khan w a,muf  tiin w lawngin kan rak ngan theu. Kawl cozahpi khalin a dik lo ti a rak thei cuang lo. Kawl Baibal suak hmaisa na zoh le w lawngin na hmu ding (Mt. 20:21; Thup. 9:15). Kum tam a liam hrih lo; wpf tiih ngan ding tiin cozah in thu a than ih, Kawlram pumpi rei loteah a thlengaw theh.

Morpheme (Mawrfim)

Morpheme ti cu Greek tawng mor-phe ihsin a ra ih, form, pianhmang tinak a si. Tawngfang pakhat ih thufang tebik a si. Mirang tawng unlikely ah hin morpheme pathum un-like-ly a um. Like hi amah tei ding thei, sullam nei a si ruangah zalen mawrfim ti a si. Cun, un- le -ly hi mah tei ding thei lo, sullam khal nei lo an si ruangah belhbawmtu ti an si. Mawrfim dangdang a um.

1. Causative Morpheme, titertu Mawrfim: -ter, ti-.

Na ca ngan mi in i fimter thluh. Na ca ngan mi in i tifim thluh. 

2. Accompaniment Morpheme, titlang mawrfim: -khawm, -pi, -tlang.

Herod in a mifimpawl a kokhawm.

Kan kawhhran upapawl zanriah ka eipi. Kan kawhhran upapawl thawn zanriah kan eitlang. 

 Free Morpheme: Amahtei ding thei,

 Zinghmuh Tlang ah kai ka duh. (n)

Tlang an suak (n). Tlang an au cu! (n)

A tlang tuk ah to hlah. (n)

Ni a tlang. (vb)

Bound morpheme:Peh ding Mawrfim Suffix, Kan totlang. Kan ittlang. Kan lengtlang. (vb)

Artlang, bantlang, bialtlang, khawtlang, zautlang. (n)

Bound morpheme:Peh ding Mawrfim Prefix, Tlangau, Tlanghna, tlangrai, tlangrel, tlangsuak. (n).

Kan thinlung in hruaisualtu cu Mirang tawng together (adv.) hi verb thawn an ngan peh lo ti hi a si.

Khawm, pi le tlang hi together thawi bangaw cekciih adverb ih ruat thluh ding a si lo. Verb ih suffix a si tikah verb thar a suak. Thim., ‘sumpai hawldan ding kan reltlang/relkhawm’ kan ti tikah ‘We talk together about fund raising’ ti lawngin ruat loin ‘We discuss …’ tiin verb thar ah a cang. ‘Herod in mifimpawl a kokhawm’ kan ti tikah, ‘Herod called the wise men together’ ti lawngin ruat loin, ‘Herod summoned …’ tiin verb thar ah ruat ding. ‘Fleming in penicillin a hmusuak’ kan ti tikah, ‘Fleming found out penicillin’ ti si loin ‘Fleming discovered …’ tiin verb thar a si.

‘We eat together’ ti loin ‘eat’ le ‘together’ kawm thawi bangaw eitlang hrang tawngfang pakhat Mirang in an nei maw? An neih lo ahcun tawngfang pahnih hmang ih ‘eat together’ an ti nuaino laiah kannih cun tawngfang pakhat eitlang kan ti vohvi mai. Praise the Lord! Mirang in accompaniment morpheme hi an nei lo ti sehla kan tisual tuk kei maw? Kan Lai grammar cu Mirang grammar thawi cuktuah rem thletthlet tum loin kan grammar fehdante theih a tul, zir a tul.

3. Aspect Morpheme, tinawn mawrfim: -sal, -kir, -nawn.

Ngansal aw.

Ka fehkir. Ka fehkirsal. Ka kirsal. ‘Kir’ le ‘sal’ hi verb felfel ah kan hmang thei.

Ka tinawn rero nan ka thiam thei cuang lo.

4. Benefactive Morpheme, thatsuahtu mawrfim: -sak.

Ka ke i khawlhsak aw. Hla i saksak aw.

5. Malefactive Morpheme,  siatsuahtu mawrfim: -sak.

Ka kawr i thleksak. Ka sang i kawhsak.

6. Reflexive/Reciprocal Morpheme, sawhlettu mawrfim: -aw, -awaw, -awk, -kawp, tawn. An sualaw. An sualawaw. Sawhlettu mawrfim ‘-awaw’ hi a phir tiaitiai ih, zoh a mawi lo, siar khal a har tuk tiih then theih a si lo. Kan then le ‘sualaw aw’ tiin amah le amah sualaw dingin kan fial tinak a si. Mi dang thawi sualaw dingih kan fial duh ahcun, ‘Sualaw uh,’ lole ‘sualawaw au’ tiin plural khihhmuhtu ‘uh’ lole ‘au’ hman ding a si. ‘An sualawaw’ kan ti tikah ‘an sualaw’ ti thawn a sullam a bangaw ciah ih, mi pahnih lole cu hnakih tam an sualaw, an sualawaw ti kan thei. Sualawk a tha lo.

Hotu hna le sumkiltu hna ka tuankawp.

An beawtawn ciamco. An siuawtawn zohzoh. 

Kan Lai ca khal a thansohnak dingah remthat a tul. Kan Lai ca ah remthat tul a um ti thei cingih kan remthat lole kan tesinfapawl ih mawhthluk kan tuar ding. Leh lamah, kan remtha asile kan parah lungawithu an sim ding. Kan calai le tawng thansohnak dingah kutsihaw in tuantlang uhsi. Remthat tul remtha dingin kan raltha keiuh. A dik tiih kan theih mi hmangsuak dingin kan raltha keiuh. A um cia “Sahuai thingpawk” mai loin a tlaksamnak silhkhah tum uhsi. Kan miphun le calai thansohnak dingah kan Lai ca remthatlang uhsi. Cutiih kan tuahthat asile, “A siatnak lai remthatu,” tiih cin ringring kan si ding (Is.58:12). Lai nun mawi rah suak in calai e sin seh.

3. Clitic (Hngauhsantu)

Clitic ti cu Greek tawng klitikos ihsin a ra ih, a sullam cu ‘hngauhsan,’ ‘zau,’ ‘awn’ tinak a si. Clitic dangdang a um.

3.1 Proclitic. Greek tawng proklinein ihsin a ra ih, a sullam cu ‘hmai lamah awn’ tinak a si. Prefix thawn an bangaw zikte, asinan prefix hnakin amah ten a ding thei. Mirang ca ah cun articles: a, an, the vek hi an si. Hi articles-pawl hi anmah ten sullam an nei lo. Sullam an neih theinak dingah an hmaiih um tawngfang lamah an awn ih, an hi rinsan. A boy, an apple, the man.

3.2 Enclitic. Greek tawng enklitikos ihsin a ra ih, a sullam cu ‘hngauhsan’ tinak a si. Hi clitic cu sullam a nei lo lawng si loin, amahten a ding thei lo. A dungih um tawngfang kha a hngauhsan ruangah cui tawngfang thawn an pehaw lawlaw. Mirang ca ah cun verb to be laktawi ih hman mi "I'm, he's" tivek khi a si. Hi tawkah "I" le "he" khi inhnen lole intek (neighboring or host word) an ti ih, 'm’ le  's’ khi khlitik an si. An intek tawngfang "I" le "he" hngauhsan le rinsan in an um ih, anmah ten sullam an nei lo. Traditional grammar ah cun 'm’ le 's’ thu rel hran loin "I am" cu "I'm", "he is" cu "he's" tin kan latawi (contracted) tiin kan rel mai theu. 

3.3 Clitic Doubling. Hi clitic cu tawngtluan pakhat sungih clause hmaisa ah vei khat a lang zo nan clause neta ah a langsal lala. Curuangah, ‘khlitik phir’ an tinak a si. Spain tawng ah hmuh ding a um. Thim., Maria me visito a mi (Maria visited me. Mari in i ra leng).

Lai Tawng ih Khlitik. Mirang tawng ih khlitik le Lai tawng ih khlitik cu an bangaw lo zet. Kan tawng ih khlitik cu  'ka, kan', 'na, nan' le 'a, an' tla an si. Grammar ih an dinhmun hrampi cu pronoun (hminaiawh) an si nan, a cangah khlitik menah an cang theu. Thim., "Amah in ka paisa a ru," ti tawngtluan ih pronoun cu "amah" khi a si ih, "a" khi khlitik a si. Traditional grammar ah cun  pronoun tiin an rak ko mai (Pu Buanga, Lushai Dictionary zoh aw). Contemporary grammar ah cun pronoun zikzik an si ruangah pronoun vek khlitik (pronominal clitics) an ti. 

Cun, kan tawng ih ‘in’ khal hi khlitik a si ve. Thim., ‘Amah in in vua,’ ti ah hin ‘in’ netadeuh khi khlitik a si. Kan tawng ih khlitik cu Spain tawng ih khlitik thawn an bangaw zikte. Thim, Maria me visito a mi. (Maria visited me. Mari in i ra leng). 

Curuangah, clitic cu grammar le linguistik ih hman mi tawngfang, mahtei sullam nei lo simaw, mahtei ding thei lo simaw, awluandan le tawngtluan tuahdan ih thumaw thufang a si.

1.      Cafang 'Aw' le 'O' Awsuak Simfiangnak

O awsuahdan in in dawiat thluh ruangah, dawi phelh dingin hi ca hi ka ngan. IPA kan rinsan kan ti ciamco nan, phonetic hi Laimi hrangah a har tuk. Zia'htile, Mirang awphawidan ngansuahnak a si.

3.1 Box ih o hi 'aw' aw a suak maw? British le Amerikan hi tawng khat hmang an si nan awsuah (accent) bangawklonak tete an nei ti kan thei cio. John Samuel Kenyon, American Pronunciation (Michigan: George Wahr, 1950), p.88] ah an awsuah bangawklozia a khaikhin. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ah khal kan hmu thei. British le Amerikan hi box an awsuahdan a bangaw lo. Phonetic hmang khal sehla kan thiam si lo cun a thahnem lo. British in /b  ks/ a suah ih, Amerikan in /b  :ks/ a suah. Hitawkih /   / le /   / hi cafang si loin phonetic an si.

Kenyon cun fodder ih o awsuahdan a relnak ah (box le fodder ih o awsuak an bangaw), o aw /  / cu "British 'short o' between  /   / and /  /" (o le aw karlak) a ti ih, o aw /  / cu "General American 'short o' " a ti [Kenyon, ibid., p. 24]. Kenyon hin box/fodder ih o hi aw aw tawi a ti lo, o aw tawi an si a ti. Cutin, British le Amerikan ah o aw tawi an si veve nan an awsuahdan a bangaw lo. Amerikan ah box ih o aw cu father ih /f  / aw thawn an bangaw ciah, asinan a aw si loin o aw a si. British le Amerikan ih box awsuah hi kannihpawl ih leital le awphawi ih um lo mi o aw an si. Aw aw suak sehla cu /b  ks/ in an ngan ding. Curuangah, box cu British le Amerikan ah aw aw a suak lo veve, o aw a si. Phonetic ih /  / le /  / hi aw aw tawi ih kan ruat hi kan tisual. Hliakhlainak ngaingai nei loin zumnak men kan rel mai a bang.

Hipawl khal hi British le American ah aw aw a suak lo nan Laimi'n aw aw kan suah. Bomb, bonus, bottle, bottom, clock, cock, collar, collect, college, comfort, comma, commit, committee, copy, concern, concert, conclude, confirm, command, commission, connect, consider, doctor, doctrine, donation, flock, focus, font, God, holiday, holy, host, hotel, Job, John, lock, London, model, note, object, October, omit, open, operation, over, oxford, phone, phonetic, photo, pilot, pocket, recognize, recommend, rock, rocket, roll, solar, solo, stop, token, total, Zion, cot, dot, don't, hot, lot, not, pot, etc.

English Professor Paul Roberts cun hot, not, cot ih o awsuah a relnak ah, "But some speakers have

/   / (aw)." "Asinan mi hnihkhat in aw aw an suah," a ti. [Patterns of English (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1956), p. 224]. "Asinan" ti mi le "hnihkhat" ti tawngfang hi thatei ruattlak a si. Standard English le IPA ah hot, not, cot le box ih o khi /o/ aw a si nan tidiklopawl in /aw/ aw an suah tinak a si. Cui thudik lo cawn kan tum ciamco hi a pawi tuk. Cawn kan tum nawn lo keiuh. Oxford Learner's Dictionary khalah /o/ aw in ngan a si. A dik loin kan thei ih, a dik loin kan kut le kan ka khalin a hmangsual. Thudik lo cawng dingih mi zirh ciamco khal hi kan bang thlang keiuh. Phonetik le English pronunciation kan thiam tawklozia tarlangnak men a si.  

Hiti ka ti tikah Mirang tawng ah o cu aw awsuak ah an hmang hrimhrim lo ka tinak a si lo. Hipawl hi British le Amerikan ah aw aw a suak: boy, choice, chorus, border, born, flora, glorify, glory, horn, horse, more, morning, nor, norm, normal, north, report, restore, store, storm, story, etc.

Hminsin: A tlangpithuin, Mirang tawng ah o cu /i/ awsuak vowel lole r in a thlun tikah aw aw a suak ih, consonant dang in a thlun tikah a suahkeh o aw kha a hum ringring ih, aw aw a suak zawksek lo.

Lai ca kan rel tikah Mirang ca thawn rawi lo ding. Lai tawng kan rel tikah Mirang tawng thawn cawhpawlh lo ding. Mi hrek cu Mirang thawn rawi an tum ringring. Mirang ca ther an tum ringring hi in tibuaitu a si. Lai ca ah cun a cafang hmin vek kha vowel awsuak a si. Hitin,

                        Lai cafang   a awsuak   Hminsin

    A                 /a/        /ei/ a si lo, /e/ khal a si lo.

                           e                /e/              /i/ a si lo.

                           i                /i/               /ai/ a si lo.

                           o             /    , ou/       /aw/ a si lo, /ao/ kan ti mahmah a si hi.

                           u           /u/                  /ju:/ a si lo, /  / Mirang tawng bus ih u awsuak khal a si lo. 

Mirang cun a khal aw aw an suah: all, ball, call, fall, hall, etc. Lai ca ah cun,

                        A hi /a/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        E hi /e/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        I hi /i/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        O hi /ao/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        U hi /u/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

 3.2 Phonetic Sirhsandan ding. Phonetic ti cu Greek tawng phonetikos, pho-ne ihsin a ra ih, voice (aw) lole sound (awn) tinak a si. Kum 1886 ah International Phonetic Association an rak din. Kum 1888 ah John Robert Gregg in "Gregg Shorthand System" a hun tuah ih, a rei hlanah The Gregg Phonetic Code (International) khal a hun tuahsuak. Cumi Gregg Phonetic Code rinsan in International Phonetic Association in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) an hun tuah. Manchester University Professor J. J. Findlay cun IPA hmandan ding hitin a sim,

                        The International Phonetic Alphabets were invented to aid the foreigner,

   not the native: and he needed their aid solely because his visualizing habits

   in his vernacular left him unprepared to encounter a foreign alphabet.

[Modern Language Learning (London: Gregg Pub., 1927?), p.32].

IPA an tuahnak san cu, a tawng neitui hrangah si loin, hnam dang mi bawmtu dingah a si ih, a tawng neitu in nasaten an bawm a tul. Miranglopawl in Mirang tawng an zir tikah awphawidan dikih an phawi theinak dingah Mirangpawl in an bawm natsat a tul ziangahtile, an thinlung mitthlam ah anmai ca kha a lang ih, ram dang ca sualbuai dingah tiari lo vek an bang. Mirangpawl in kan tawng an zir tikah kan awphawidan vekih an siar theinak dingah phonetic thawn ngansak in kan bawm natsat a tul. Cucu IPA hmandan ding dik tak a si. Kannih in kan Lai ca ah Mirangpawl ih awphawidan an ngan vekih IPA hman tum cu atthlak tak a si. 'Sentlungpawng  khit' kan si ko. Kan awphawi ih um lo Mirang awphawi kha va cawn ding a si lo.

3.3 'O' Awsuah Simfiangnak. 'O' hi glide (awtawlh) a si. Glide le diphthong hi bangaw zikte an si. Diphthong ti cu "vowel aw hnih nei" tinak a si ih, phun hnih a um: (1) vowel dang veve an kawmaw ih, an awsuah veve hlo si loin, aw pahnih kha vei khat ah an awntlang. Tluang cu /tlu-ang/ ti loin u le a cu vei khat ah, hmanseh an suahkeh aw veve hlo si loin /ua/ tin kan suah ih, /tluang/ kan ti vohvi. (2) Vowel pakhat lawng a si nan vowel aw pahnih a suak. Mirang cafang i hi nine le tawngfang hrekkhat ah /ai/ tiin vowel pahnih aw a suak.

Glide cu vowel hmaisa kha a netadeuh ah a tawlh ih, an kawmawk hnu khalah vowel pahnih aw a hranhran in a suak thotho. O cu a suahkeh aw ah vowel pahnih aw a nei: /  /. Hinah British le Amerikan hman an awsuahdan a bangaw lo kan ti zo kha. Kan tawng khal ah o hi glide a si. Mi tampin o awsuak an rel tikah British le Amerikan awsuahdan kha an vun tansan theu ih, /  / tivekin an ngan theu. Kei cun /ao/ tin ka ngan theu. Ziangruangah? Kanmai awphawidan ah thumawk ding a si. 'Zo lo ka thlo' kan ti tikih o aw khi a aw in kan phawi thawk ih, o aw ah a tawp ('Zao lao ka thlao' tivek deuh in, kan awphawidan ciah ngansuah cu a har ko). Curuangah, Lai ca kan rel tikah Lai tawng ah kan thumaw ding. Hnam dang tidan cawn hrimhrim lo ding. "Kan khua ka thlen chuan 'ao' ka ti thotho ang," tivek deuh in. O awsuahdan dangdang zoh hnik uhsi.

British                   /  / 

Amerikan             /  /

                        Kawl, Mizo         /ou/                  

                        Falam, Hualngo   /ao/ (Halkha le Tedim khal)

O awsuak cu phunhnam tinin mai leital thawi remaw in phun dangdang ih kan suah hmanah, aw aw si loin o aw an si. O cu glide a si ti cing ringring sehla. Cuticun, kan Lai ca 'bot' cu /baot/ a si ih, cuvek aw kan nei lo, sullam khal a nei lo. Asinan, 'boh' cu /baoh/ a si ih, cuvek aw kan nei, sullam khal a nei: 'Na khabe ka lo boh/baoh ding.' Curuangah, o cu h lo consonant dang thawn kan ngan thei lo. Thim., 'kom' /kaom/ a si nan 'kawm' tiih aw aw na suah ahcun o kha aw ah na thleng tinak a si ih, Kan Lai ca fehdan a kalh. Aw aw suak ding cun 'kawm' tiin aw ih ngan lawlaw ding.

3.4 'Aw' hi Mirang ca ah Vowel Diktak a si maw?  Mirang ca ah semivowel pahnih w le y a um. Diktak cun y hi semivowel si loin vowel khal si thei, consonant khal si thei a si sawn. Zia'htile, consonant le y kawmaw in awfang a suak thei: by, fly, my, sky, etc. Cafang w cu semivowel lawng si loin glide si a cem. Hmansehla, a thawi an kawpawk tikah glide/semivowel si nawn loin vowel thar aw a hung suak. Glide a si nawn lo ti hminsinnak ah phonetic ah hminsinnak pak /ç/ linglet hman a si. W cu vowel hrek lawng a si ih, consonant le w kawmaw in awfang a suak thei lo. Kenyon cun glide thu a relnak ah,

It follows that w can occur only before a vowel sound.

It cannot be pronounced without this following vowel.

[Kenyon, ibid., p. 158].

A dik, w cu vowel tel loin aw suah theih a si lo. Kan Laimi in w hmandan ding an theithiam thei lo hi an mawh lo. Mirang khalin an buaipi thu Harvard University, Linguistics Department ih Chairman, Joshua Whatmouth cun w thu a relnak ah,

                                    Confusion is inevitable, since the sound is a semivowel,

sometimes pronounced w and sometimes u.

[Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 28, s.v. "vowels."

A si, w cu vowel hrek: a cangah w, a cangah u ih Mirangpawl ih an hman hi theihthiam harsa a si ko. Mirang tawng ah teh aw cu vowel a si maw? Mirang tawng ah hin vowel panga (a, e, i, o, u) lawng um ah kan ruat men thei. Paul Roberts cun phonemes a relnak ah,

English, as was said, has thirty-three (phonemes)-

  twenty-four consonants and nine vowels.

Patterns of English, p. 224.

  Mirang ca ah awfang 33 – consonant 24 le vowel 9 a um. Cui vowel pakaw lakah aw hi pakhat a si.

 3.5 Ziang ruangah 'aw' hi Lai ca ah cafang pakhat ah kan hmang? Mirang tawng ah cun w hi tawngfang thawhnak ah le a cemnetnak ah khal an hmang thei woman, drew, low, etc. Cun, a hmang in an ngan thawk in a cem thei fawn Argentina, an, at, banana, gonna, etc.

Kannih cu w hmang in ca kan ngan thawk thei lo ih, a tel loin tawngfang cemnak ah kan hmang thei fawn lo. Kan vowel e, i, o, u pawl thaw khalin an kawpaw thei lo ih, a thaw lawngin an kawpaw thei. Kan tawng ah le o awsuak hnakin aw awsuak a tamsawn si. Mirang ca ah vowel famkim cafang ah an neih lo thu hitin pawiti zetin an sim,

            The vowel sounds of the English alphabet are imperfectly represented by five letters:

a, e, i, o, u; the deficiency of our alphabet, therefore, is apparent when it is recalled

that there are at least 13 distinct shades of vowel quality in the spoken language.

Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 28, s.v. "vowels."

Mirang tawng ih vowel awsuakpawl cu famkim lo takin cafang panga: a, e, i, o, u in ai an awhter; hi tlaksamnak hi tawng tikah vowel awsuak a malbik ah phun 13 lai an nei ti theihsuah tikah hin a langfiang nasa.

Lai ca ah aw hi cafang pakhat ih kan hun neih tikah kan vowel awsuak neih mi a hung famkim thlutthli. Vowel dang kan tul nawn lo. Mirang ca cu vowel a famkim lo nan kannih cu a famkim. Vowel kan tlasam nawn lo. W cafang ih buainak in cinfelsak tlunah vowel tlaksamnak in phuhhruksak.

3.6 Mirang in ziang tivekin 'aw' an hmang? Open syllable ah an hmang: caw, craw, draw, flaw, haw, jaw, law, maw, paw, raw, saw, straw, etc.

 Open syllable hnakin closed syllable ah an hmang tamdeuh: bawdy, bawl, brawl, brawn, crawl, dawdle, dawn, drawl, drawn, gawd, gawk, gawp, hawk, lawn, mawkish, pawn, prawn, scrawl, shawl, tawny, trawl, yawn, etc.

 3.7 Khaikhawmnak:

1.      W cafang amah lawng hmang in ca kan ngan thawk thei lo, kan cemter thei fawn lo.

     Vowel a thawi an kawpawk lawngah aw aw nei vowel tluantling ah a cang.

2.   Aw hi vowel dang bangin a sang thei, a niam thei ih, a sau in a tawi thei.

3.   O awsuahdan dangdang a um thei. Asinan, aw awtawi si loin o aw dangdang an si.

4.   O hi awtawlh (glide) a si ruangah kan Lai ca ah cun h thaw lawngin a cem thei.

      Consonant dang ih a cem tikah Lai aw lopi a suak ih, sullam a nei lo.

5.   Lai tawng ah vowel paruk: a, aw, e, i, o, u kan nei.

6.   Kan vowelpawl hi pakhat hman vowel aw dang ah an thlengaw kel lo, a zarh.

7.   Lai tawng ah o awsuak hnakin aw awsuak tawngfang kan nei tamsawn. Mirang

      tawng ah cun aw awsuak hnakin o awsuak an nei tamdeuh.

4.      Chin Cangantui Kutkaih Le Mizo Cangandan

                                                                                                                                

Mi tampi in CCK an tuah tikah Mizo cangandan an thlun tiah an ti. A dik maw? CCK le Mizo cangandan an bangawklonak zoh hnik uhsi. Mizo Bible: Pathian Lehkhabu Thianghlim (2006).

4.1  Adposition: Preposition + Postposition 'ah', 'in' hi Mizo in noun, adjective thawn a peh. Pathianin (Sem 1:1); khuaah (Lk. 19:1); thianghlimah (Mt. 4:5); mitdelin (Lk. 6:39). CCK in a peh lo.

4.2  Accompaniment Morphemes 'khawm', 'tlang' hi Mizo in a peh lo. Thufing sawmthum lawr khawm (Thuf 22:1); ko khawm (Mt 2:4); pung khawm (1Sam 13:11); awm khawm (Heb 2:12); inrawn khawmna (Sam 111:1); an insem tlang (Lev. 7:10). CCK in a peh.

4.3 Reciprocal Morphemes 'tawn', 'kawp' Mizo in a peh lo. An inau tawn (Is 6:3); inchhawk tawn (Gal 6:1, 2); inbe tawn (Eph 5:19); rawng an bawl kawp, (Mt 6:24). CCK in a peh.

4.4 Intensifier Morphemes Mizo in a peh lo. Awl zawk (Lk 5:23, 18:25); tha zawk (Lk 5:39); fing zawk (Lk 16:8); tam zawk (Lk 21:3); Chungnungbera (Sam 9:2, 18:13); chungnung berah (Lk 2:14, Jn 3:31); lalber (Sam 45:1, 5, 15); ropui ber, te ber, tha ber (Lk 9:46, 48; 20:46); hmasa ber (Ex 13:12f); tam deuh (Mat 20:10; neih chhun (Jn 3:16); awm chhun (Is 11:11). CCK in a peh.

4.5 Reduplications 'em em', 'ngei ngei', 'reng reng', 'zawng zawng', tvk Mizo in a peh lo. Lawm em em (Lk 1:47). Tihhlum ngei ngei (Ex 19:12). Khawvel zawng zawng (Lk 2:1); fan fan (Sam 37:7);  phu hlawp hlawp (Sam 38:10); thaw huam huam (Sam 42:1); reng reng (Sam 14:2). CCK in a peh.

4.6 Nominalizer 'dan' Mizo in a peh lo. Hmuh dan (Job 4:8); thawh dan (Thuf 24:29); tum dan (Rm 15:22); neih dan (1 Kor 11:23); nih dan (Gal 1:11). CCK in a peh.

4.7 Adjectivalizer 'mi' Mizo in a peh lo. Mi dawthei (Thuf 17:4); mi rethei (17:5); mi fing (17:10; Mt 2:1); mi chak (Lk 1:49); mi chapo (1:51); mi sual (15:7); mi fel (Sam 34:17, 19, 21); mi lian (118:9); mi a (39:8); mi thianghlim (Eph 1:1); mi sual (Lk 15:7); mi hausa (Lk 16:19). CCK in a peh.

4.8 Chanchin Tha Mizo in a peh lo (good news). CCK in a peh, thuthangtha (evangelion, ဧ၀ံေဂလိ).

4.9 Compound Verbal Predicate (V + chhuak) Mizo in a peh lo. Chhan chhuak (Sam 77:15); hre chhuak (73:11, 78:35); zawt chhuak (Mt 2:7f, Tirh 9:11); hruai chhuak (1K 21:10,13); tir chhuak (2K 24:2); la chhuak (24:13); deh chhuah (Thuf 16:8). CCK in a peh.

4.10 Plurality Numerical Mizo in a peh. Lal pangate (Jos 10:17); sawmpakhatte, sawm leh pakhatte (Mk 16:14), sawmpahnihte, sawm leh pahnihte (Lk 9:1), sawmsarihte (Lk 10:1, 17), pakuate (Lk 17:17). CCK in nambat le plural marker pawl a peh lo.

11. Hngak ngandan a bangaw lo. Mizo, 'nghak.'

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