Modern Grammar 10: 'O' le 'Aw' Awsuak Simfiangnak

Mang Herh

Pa Tiam, H. Sui le Siartu zate,

Phonetic cafang ka hman mi a thlengaw pang kei maw thei hlah. Ocafang awsuahdan in in dawiat thluh ruangah, dawi phelh dingin hi ca hi ka run ngan. IPA kan rinsan kan ti ciamco nan, phonetic hi Laimi hrangah a har tuk. Ziangahtile, Mirang awphawidan ngansuahnak ca a si ruangah a si.

1. Box ih o hi 'aw' aw a suak maw? Pa Tiam, na fanu phonetic an rak zirh ih, box cu /bawks/ tiin aw aw a suak, na ti hi zangfahten thu ka lo sut duh. Thinlung tluangtlamten i ruatsak hram aw maw. Thudik kan theihnak dingah a si.

                     

      1)  Khui ram ah ha nan um?

2)      Na fanu cu phun ziat ha a zir?

3)      Ziang tawng ha an zirh? British English maw, American English ha? Maw, tawng dang?

4)      A zirhtu cu zo vek ha an si?

British le Amerikan hi tawng khat hmang an si nan awsuah (accent)bangawklonak tete an nei ti kan thei cio. John Samuel Kenyon,American Pronunciation (Michigan: George Wahr, 1950), p.88] ah an awsuah bangawklozia khaikhinnak a um. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ah khal kan hmu thei. British le Amerikan hi box an awsuahdan a bangaw lo. Phonetic hmang khal sehla kan thiam si lo cun a thahnem lo. British in /b2ks/ a suah ih, Amerikan in /b1:ks/ a suah. Hitawkih /1/ le /2/ hi cafang si loin phonetic an si. 

Kenyon cun fodder ih o awsuahdan a relnak ah (box le fodder ih o awsuak an bangaw), o aw /2/ cu "British 'short o' between  /1/ and/ç/" (o le aw karlak) a ti ih, o aw /1/ cu "General American 'short o' " a si a ti [Kenyon, ibid., p. 24]. Kenyon hin box/fodder ih o hi aw aw tawi a ti lo, o aw tawi an si a ti. Cutin, British le Amerikan ah o aw tawi an si veve nan an awsuahdan a bangaw lo. Amerikan ah box ih o aw cufather ih /f1/ aw thawn an bangaw ciah, asinan a aw si loin o aw a si. British le Amerikan ih box awsuah hi kannihpawl ih leital le awphawi ih um lo mi o aw an si. Aw aw suak sehla cu /bçks/ in an ngan ding. Curuangah, box cu British le Amerikan ah aw aw a suak lo veve, o aw a si. Phonetic ih /1/ le /2/ hi aw aw tawi ih kan ruat hi kan tisual. Hliakhlainak ngaingai nei loin zumnak men kan rel mai a bang.

Hipawl khal hi British le American ah aw aw a suak lo nan Laimi'n awaw kan suah. Bomb, bonus, bottle, bottom, clock, cock, collar, collect, college, comfort, comma, commit, committee, copy, concern, concert, conclude, confirm, command, commission, connect, consider, doctor, doctrine, donation, flock, focus, font, God, holiday, holy, host, hotel, Job, John, lock, London, model, note, object, October, omit, open, operation, over, oxford, phone, phonetic, photo, pilot, pocket, recognize, recommend, rock, rocket, roll, solar, solo, stop, token, total, Zion, cot, dot, don't, hot, lot, not, pot, etc., etc.

English Professor Paul Roberts cun hot, not, cot ih o awsuah a relnak ah, "But some speakers have /ç/ (aw)." "Asinan mi hnihkhat in aw aw an suah," a ti. [Patterns of English (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1956), p. 224]. "Asinan" ti mi le "hnihkhat" ti tawngfang hi thatei ruattlak a si. Standard English le IPA ah hot, not, cot le box ih o khi /o/ aw a si nan tidiklopawl in /aw/ aw an suah tinak a si. Cui thudik lo cawn kan tum ciamco hi a pawi tuk. Cawn kan tum nawn lo keiuh.Oxford Learner's Dictionary khalah /o/ aw in ngan a si. A dik loin kan thei ih, a dik loin kan kut le kan ka khalin a hmangsual. Thudik lo cawng dingih mi zirh ciamco khal hi kan bang thlang keiuh. Phonetik le English pronunciation kan thiam tawklozia tarlangnak men a si.  

Hiti ka ti tikah Mirang tawng ah o cu aw awsuak ah an hmang hrimhrim lo ka tinak a si lo. Hipawl hi British le Amerikan ah aw aw a suak: boy, choice, chorus, border, born, flora, glorify, glory, horn, horse, more, morning, nor, norm, normal, north, report, restore, store, storm, story, etc.

Hminsin: A tlangpithuin, Mirang tawng ah o cu /i/ awsuak vowel lole rin a thlun tikah aw aw a suak ih, consonant dang in a thlun tikah a suahkeh o aw kha a hum ringring ih, aw aw a suak zawksek lo.

3. H. Sui le Miss Jane Biakawknak: Nau H. Sui, nelaw takih thureltlang cia kan si kha aw. Miss Jane thawi nan biakawknak ah, "Kannih in cafang hmin in kan ti ih, anih in 'nan palh a si, vowel ti hnuhnu cun /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ ti ding a si,' a ti," na ti mi thu ah, "Nan palh," ti loin, "Na palh," lo ti ding a si nan, thudik a theih si lo. Laimi pumpi tipalh in puhtu kha Jane si loin nangmah na si sawn. Na simdan, "/ei/, /i/, /ai/, /ou/, /ju:/" ti kha Mirang ca hokhaw, Mirang tawng hokhaw. Kei cu i sut sehla khatin ka sim lo ding. Kannih Laimi'n kha tin kan ti lo. Kha ti na sim kha na palh lawlaw, na thelh lawlaw, na tisual lawlaw. Laimi tidan a lo sut ih, Mirang tidan ih na vun sim tluaitlo kha a pawi tuk, ningzakza a si. Hi mi hi a si ka lo ti rero theu cu. Lai ca kan rel tikah Mirang ca thawn rawi lo ding. Lai tawng rel tikah Mirang tawng thawn cawhpawlh lo ding. Nang cu Mirang thawn rawi na tum ringring. Mirang ca ther na tum ringring hi in tibuaitu a si. Lai ca ah cun a cafang hmin vek kha vowel awsuak a si. Hitin,

Lai cafang       awsuak        Hminsin

                           a /a/                /a/                   /ei/ a si lo, /e/ khal a si lo.

                           e /e/                /e/                   /i/ a si lo.

                           i /i/                   /i/                    /ai/ a si lo.

                           o /ou/            /å7, o7, ou/     /aw/ a si lo, /ao/ kan ti mahmah a si hi.

                           u /u/                /u/                   /ju:/ a si lo, /4/ khal a si lo (Mirang tawng bus ih u awsuak).

Mirang cun a khal aw aw an suah: all, ball, call, fall, hall, etc. Lai ca ah cun,

                        

                        A hi /a/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        E hi /e/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        I hi /i/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        O hi /ao/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

                        U hi /u/ aw kan suah ih, vowel aw dang ah a thlengaw dah lo, a zarh.

4. IPA Sirhsandan ding. John Robert Gregg in "Gregg Shorthand System" a hun dinsuah tikah reilote ah Europe Ram sung tawng 20 in an hun hmang. Cumi shorthand rinsan ih International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) tuahsuak dingin International Phonetic Association(IPA) an hun din hmaisa. Manchester University Professor J. J. Findlay cun IPA hmandan ding thu hitin a sim,

The International Phonetic Alphabets were invented to aid the foreigner,

not the native: and he needed their aid solely because his visualizing habits

in his vernacular left him unprepared to encounter a foreign alphabet.

[Modern Language Learning (London: Gregg Pub., 1927?), p.32].

IPA an tuahnak san cu, a tawng neitui hrangah si loin, hnam dang mi bawmtu dingah a si ih, a tawng neitu in nasaten an bawm a tul. Miranglopawl in Mirang tawng an zir tikah awphawidan dikih an phawi theinak dingah Mirangpawl in an bawm natsat a tul ziangahtile, an thinlung mitthlam ah anmai ca kha a lang ih, ram dang ca sualbuai dingah tiari lo vek an bang. Mirangpawl in kan tawng an zir tikah kan awphawidan vekih an siar theinak dingah phonetic thawn ngansak in kan bawm natsat a tul. Cucu IPA hmandan ding dik tak a si. Kannih in kan Lai ca ah Mirangpawl ih awphawidan an ngan vekih IPA hman tum cu atthlak tak a si. 'Sentlungpawng  khit' kan si ko. Kan awphawi ih um lo Mirang awphawi kha va cawn ding a si lo.

5. 'O' Awsuah Simfiangnak. 'O' hi glide (awtawlh) a si. Glide lediphthong hi bangaw zikte an si. Diphthong ti cu "vowel aw hnih nei" tinak a si ih, phun hnih a um: (1) vowel dang veve an kawmaw ih, an awsuah veve hlo si loin, aw pahnih kha vei khat ah an awntlang.Tluang cu /tlu-ang/ ti loin u le a cu vei khat ah, hmanseh an suahkeh aw veve hlo si loin /ua/ tin kan suah ih, /tluang/ kan ti vohvi. (2) Vowel pakhat lawng a si nan vowel aw pahnih a suak. Mirang cafang i hi nine le tawngfang hrekkhat ah /ai/ tiin vowel pahnih aw a suak.

Glide cu vowel hmaisa kha a netadeuh ah a tawlh ih, an kawmawk hnu khalah vowel pahnih aw a hranhran in a suak thotho. O cu a suahkeh aw ah vowel pahnih aw a nei: /o7/. Hinah British le Amerikan hman an awsuahdan a bangaw lo kan ti zo kha. Kan tawng khal ah ohi glide a si. Mi tampin o awsuak an rel tikah British le Amerikan awsuahdan kha an vun tansan theu ih, /o7/ tivekin an ngan theu. Kei cun /ao/ tin ka ngan theu. Ziangruangah? Kanmai awphawidan ah thumawk ding a si. 'Zo lo ka thlo' kan ti tikih o aw khi a aw in kan phawi thawk ih, o aw ah a tawp ('Zao lao ka thlao' tivek deuh in, kan awphawidan ciah ngansuah cu a har ko). Curuangah, Lai ca kan rel tikah Lai tawng ah kan thumaw ding. Hnam dang tidan cawn hrimhrim lo ding. "Kan khua ka thlen chuan 'ao' ka ti thotho ang," tivek deuh in. O awsuahdan dangdang zoh hnik uhsi.

                    

British                   /å7/ 

Amerikan             /o7/ 

                        Kawl, Mizo           /ou/                   

                        Falam, Hualngo   /ao/ (Halkha le Tedim khal)

O awsuak cu phunhnam tinin mai leital thawi remaw in phun dangdang ih kan suah hmanah, aw aw si loin o aw an si. O cu glide a si ti cing ringring sehla. Cuticun, kan Lai ca 'bot' cu /baot/ a si ih, cuvek aw kan nei lo, sullam khal a nei lo. Asinan, 'boh' cu /baoh/ a si ih, cuvek aw kan nei, sullam khal a nei: 'Na khabe ka lo boh/baoh ding.' Curuangah, o cu h lo consonant dang thawn kan ngan thei lo. Thim., 'kom' /kaom/ a si nan 'kawm' tiih aw aw na suah ahcun o khaaw ah na thleng tinak a si ih, Kan Lai ca fehdan a kalh. Aw aw suak ding cun 'kawm' tiin aw ih ngan lawlaw ding.

5. 'Aw' hi Mirang ca ah Vowel Diktak a si maw?  Mirang ca ahsemivowel pahnih w le y a um. Diktak cun y hi semivowel si loin vowel khal si thei, consonant khal si thei a si sawn. Zia'htile, consonant le ykawmaw in awfang a suak thei: by, fly, my, sky, etc. Cafang w cusemivowel lawng si loin glide si a cem. Hmansehla, a thawi an kawpawk tikah glide/semivowel si nawn loin vowel thar aw a hung suak. Glide a si nawn lo ti hminsinnak ah phonetic ah hminsinnak pak /ç/ linglet hman a si. W cu vowel hrek lawng a si ih, consonant le wkawmaw in awfang a suak thei lo. Kenyon cun glide thu a relnak ah,

It follows that w can occur only before a vowel sound.

It cannot be pronounced without this following vowel.

[Kenyon, ibid., p. 158].

A dik, w cu vowel tel loin aw suah theih a si lo. Kan Laimi in whmandan ding an theithiam thei lo hi an mawh lo. Mirang khalin an buaipi thu Harvard University, Linguistics Department ih Chairman, Joshua Whatmouth cun w thu a relnak ah,

Confusion is inevitable, since the sound is a semivowel,

sometimes pronounced w and sometimes u.

[Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 28, s.v. "vowels."

A si, w cu vowel hrek: a cangah w, a cangah u ih Mirangpawl ih an hman hi theihthiam harsa a si ko. Mirang tawng ah teh aw cu vowel a si maw? Mirang tawng ah hin vowel panga (a, e, i, o, u) lawng um ah kan ruat men thei. Paul Roberts cun phonemes a relnak ah,

English, as was said, has thirty-three (phonemes)--

  twenty-four consonants and nine vowels.

Patterns of English, p. 224.

 Mirang ca ah awfang 33 – consonant 24 le vowel 9 a um. Cui vowel pakaw lakah aw hi pakhat a si.

       1) Ziang ruangah 'aw' hi Lai ca ah cafang pakhat ah kan hmang? Mirang tawng ah cun w hi tawngfang thawhnak ah le a cemnetnak ah khal an hmang thei woman, drew, low, etc. Cun, ahmang in an ngan thawk in a cem thei fawn Argentina, an, at, gonna, patella, etc.

Kannih cu w hmang in ca kan ngan thawk thei lo ih, a tel loin tawngfang cemnak ah kan hmang thei fawn lo. Kan vowel e, i, o, upawl thaw khalin an kawpaw thei lo ih, a thaw lawngin an kawpaw thei. Kan tawng ah le o awsuak hnakin aw awsuak a tamsawn si. Mirang ca ah vowel famkim cafang ah an neih lo thu hitin pawiti zetin an sim,

The vowel sounds of the English alphabet are imperfectly represented by five letters:

a, e, i, o, u; the deficiency of our alphabet, therefore, is apparent when it is recalled

that there are at least 13 distinct shades of vowel quality in the spoken language.

Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 28, s.v. "vowels."

Mirang tawng ih vowel awsuakpawl cu famkim lo takin cafang panga:a, e, i, o, u in ai an awhter; hi tlaksamnak hi tawng tikah vowel awsuak a malbik ah phun 13 lai an nei ti theihsuah tikah hin a langfiang nasa.

Lai ca ah aw hi cafang pakhat ih kan hun neih tikah kan vowel awsuak neih mi a hung famkim thlutthli. Vowel dang kan tul nawn lo. Mirang ca cu vowel a famkim lo nan kannih cu a famkim. Vowel kan tlasam nawn lo. W cafang ih buainak in cinfelsak tlunah vowel tlaksamnak in phuhhruksak.

2) Mirang in ziang tivekin 'aw' an hmang? Open syllable ah an hmang: caw, craw, draw, flaw, haw, jaw, law, maw, paw, raw, saw, straw, etc.

Open syllable hnakin consonant thawi cem mi ah an hmang tamdeuh: bawdy, bawl, brawl, brawn, crawl, dawdle, dawn, drawl, drawn, gawd, gawk, gawp, hawk, lawn, mawkish, pawn, prawn, scrawl, shawl, tawny, trawl, yawn, etc.

Khaikhawmnak:

1.      W cafang amah lawng hmang in ca kan ngan thawk thei lo, kan cemter thei fawn lo. Vowel a thawi an kawpawk lawngah aw aw

       nei vowel tluantling ah a cang.

2.      Aw hi vowel dang bangin a sang thei, a niam thei ih, a sau in a tawi thei.

3.      O awsuahdan dangdang a um thei. Asinan, aw awtawi si loin o aw phun dangdang an si.

4.      O hi awtawlh (glide) a si ruangah kan Lai ca ah cun h thaw lawngin a cem thei. Consonant dang ih a cem tikah Lai aw lopi a

       suak ih, sullam a nei lo.

5.      Lai tawng ah vowel paruk: a, aw, e, i, o, u kan nei.

6.      Kan vowelpawl hi pakhat hman vowel aw dang ah an thlengaw kel lo, a zarh.

7.      Lai tawng ah o awsuak hnakin aw awsuak tawngfang kan nei tamsawn. Mirang tawng ah cun aw awsuak hnakin o awsuak an

      nei tamdeuh.

Mang Herh, Yangon

Modern Grammar 8: Causative Morpheme = Titertu Mawrfim

Duhdawt mi Saza Khar Thuan le casiartu zate,

September 23 ih tlang cabawm ih na thusuh mi ka hun lo let. Ngan maw tha, ngan lo ti ka ruah sungah khua a tlai thluh a si hi. 

Chin Writers' Handbook ah felten a um, Writers' Handbook na nei hrih lo maw si? Na neih hrih lole ziangtin ha kan kuatawk theidan ding? 

I sim thei lacu ka lung a awi zet ding. Saza H. Sui Lian Mang hi cun Tahan lamah a rak hmu rero zo ti kan thei ih, kan lung a awi zet hokhaw. 

Na imel ah khan ‘Casative,’ causative ti ding na ngansual pang ti ka lo theihpi. Lai tawng in a hmin kan nei zo hokhaw. 

Causative morpheme = titertu mawrfim: -ter, ti-. Morpheme = belhbawmtu lole, mawrfim ti khalin kan ko thotho.

-ter, Na ca ngan mi in i fimter thluh.

ti-, Na ca ngan mi in i tifim thluh.  

Grammar le linguistic tawngfang Lai tawng ih kan neih zo mi tampi lakih mallai ka hun lo hlawm.

Accompaniment morpheme = titlang mawrfim: -kawp, -khawm, -pi, -tawn, -tlang.

     -kawp, Hotu hna le sum kiltu hna ka tuankawp.

     -khawm, Herod in a mifimpawl a kokhawm.

     -pi, Kan kawhhran upapawl zanriah ka eipi.

     -tawn, An beawtawn ciamco. An camawtawn ciamco.

     -tlang, Kan kawhhran upapawl thawn zanriah kan eitlang.

Aspect morpheme = tinawn mawrfim: -sal, -kir, -nawn.

     -sal, Ngansal aw.

     -kir, Ka fehkir. Ka fehkirsal. Ka kirsal. 

               Hinah hin ‘kir’ le ‘sal’ hi mawrfim ih hmannak le verbal predicate ih hmannak a um. Ka simfiang man lo.

     -nawn, Ka tinawn rero nan ka thiam thei cuang lo.

Benefactive morpheme = thatsuahtu mawrfim: -sak.

     -sak, Ka ke i khawlhsak aw. Hla i saksak aw. Ka pu in thlam i saksak.

Malefactive morpheme = siatsuahtu mawrfim: -sak.

     

     Ka kawr i thleksak. Ka sang i kawhsak. Mawrfim ‘-sak’ cu thatsuahtu ah le siatsuahtu ah kan hmang. A thu ih zir in kan theithiam mai.

Reflexive/Reciprocal morpheme = sawhlettu mawrfim: -aw, -awaw, -awk. Reflexive le reciprocal hi naiaw zet an si. 

     Thenhran tum hramhram ahcun then theih cu an si nan ka rel cipciar man lo ding. 

     An sualaw. An sualawaw. Sawhlettu mawrfim ‘-awaw’ hi a phir tiaitiai ih, zoh a mawi lo, siar khal a har tiih then theih a si lo. 

             Kan then le ‘sualaw aw’ tiin sualawk kan fial ih, a sullam cu amah le amah sualaw ding a si. Mi dang thawi sualaw dingih kan fial duh ahcun,

             ‘Sualaw au,’ lole ‘sualawaw uh’ tiin plural khihhmuhtu ‘uh’ lole ‘au’ hman ding a si. ‘An sualawaw’ kan ti tikah ‘an sualaw’ ti thawn a 

             sullam a bangaw cekci ih, mi pahnih lole cu hnakih tam an sualaw, an sualawaw ti kan thei.

     

     Sualawk a tha lo.

Verb = thilti. Ziangruangah verb cu 'thilti' tiin kan let? Ziangruangah tuah le tuan lam tawngfang hmang loin 'thilti' tiin kan ko? Peh leh ding.

Grammar le linguistic terms tawngfang tampi kan tawng in leh a si zo.Chin Writers’ Handbook/Chin Cangantui Kutkaih ah hmuh theih a si. 

Curuangah, grammar le linguistic terms kan neih cia mi hi hmang cio sehla kan calai kan tibuai in, kan hnawkter nawn lo ding ih, 

lungrualnak duhtu, miphun le calai thangsotertu kan si ding.

Thahnemngainak thiang thawn,

Mang Herh, Yangon